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阴历

阴历

阴历在天文学中主要指按月亮的月相周期来安排的历法，以月球绕行地球一周（以太阳为参照物，实际月球运行超过一周。）为一月，即以朔望月作为确定历月的基础，一年为十二个历月的一种历法。在历法发展衍变过程中，二十四节气的出现用于科学地指导农业生产，形成了农历（汉历）。虽然，阴历、农历都俗称古历、汉历、夏历、旧历，不过阴历和农历（汉历）是有区别的，传统上使用的夏历（汉历）实际上是一种阴阳历。

阴历是中国传统历法之一，也被称为"殷历"、"古历"、汉历、"黄历"、"夏历"和"旧历"等。

阴历定月的依据是月亮的运动规律：月球运行的轨道，名曰白道，白道与黄道同为天体上之两大圆，以五度九分而斜交，月球绕地球一周，出没于黄道者两次，历二十七日七小时四十三分十一秒半，为月球公转一周所需的时间，谓之“恒星月”。唯当月球绕地球之时，地球因公转而位置亦有变动，计前进二十七度余，而月球每日行十三度十五分，故月球自合朔，全绕地球一周，复至合朔，实需二十九日十二时四十四分二秒八，谓之“朔望月”，习俗所谓一个月，即指朔望月而言。

发 展

从历法的发展史来看，所有古老文化的国家如埃及、巴比伦、印度、希腊、罗马和中国，最初都是用阴历的。因为月亮的盈亏朔望周期非常明显，所以把29天或30天称为一个月，把12个月称为一年，便成为古老国家最初的年历。但是阴历一月之长，即月亮绕地球周期约为29天半；而太阳年一年之长，即地球绕日的周期约为365天又四分之一日。如以12个月为一年，只有354天或者355天，与太阳年相差几乎11天。过10多年，就有6月降霜下雪、腊月挥扇出汗、冬夏倒置的毛病。古代国家农业慢慢地发展以后，就发现纯粹用阴历历法、月份和春、夏、秋、冬四季，农业节候配合不上，为了解决这阴、阳历的矛盾，古代有两种办法：一种办法是放弃阴历月亮盈亏作为计算月份方法，而以太阳回归年即365又四分之一天为一年，把年分为12个月，平年365天，闰年366天，4年一闰。这是公元前46年西洋罗马所采取的办法。另一办法是找出阳历年的日数和阴历月的日数两者之间的最小公倍数，这就是我国古代颛顼历的十九年七闰的办法。因为阴历的235个月的日数却等于19个阳历年的日数。据日本天文学家新城新藏的考据，十九年七闰的办法是我国春秋时代已经应用的。我们古代从早的颛顼历以及汉朝太初历、四分历统是依照此法安排的。但这一安排虽可以调和阴阳历，不至于冬夏倒置，但平年354天，闰年384天，一年中节气仍然可以相差一个月，对于农业操作安排上仍然不够精密，所以到了战国末年又建立二十四节气，和阴历相辅而行。到了东汉时代又发现一节一气尚有15天多的间隔，才又创立一年七十二候。这是我们旧历发展的经过。 

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